An exokernel allocates and deallocates hardware on the most basic level. It doesn't provide abstractions for applications to use. From the most basic hardware primitives applications can implement the traditional operating system abstractions but can do so in a highly specialized manner to meet specific speed and functionality goals.
By abstracting physical hardware resources traditional operating systems limit the performance, flexibility and functionality of applications.
Exokernal architecture removes these limitations by allowing untrusted software to implement traditional operating system abstractions entirely at application level.
The key point of all exokernals is that the protection and management schemes are separate. Thus, the library operating systems are isolated from each other. This allows application libraries to be as powerful as the traditional privileged operation system.
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